2.01 Задание 10. Задание на понимание основного содержания прочитанного текста

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Building materials
2. The longest on Earth
3. Safe travel
4. Designing a building
5. Invented by accident
6. Comfortable living
7. How did they do it?
8. Why seasons change

A. Most of Africa's rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they use hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair.

B. An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example. some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others — to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials.

C. Did you know that an eleven-year-old child first created the Popsicle? The boy's name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle.

D. As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter.

E. In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air.

F. Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-four-hour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This "day", or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark. and Antarctica has its "night", or winter.

G. Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the "Titanic", a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship's side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the "Titanic", several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. GREAT PICTURES, NOT MANY FACTS
2. PLENTY OF FACTS, NOT TOO MANY OPINIONS
3. SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE
4. THE MOST POPULAR GUIDES
5. STUDYING THE PAST
6. AN EXTREMELY USEFUL ADDITION
7. FOCUS ON FASHION
8. EVERYDAY LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 

A LOOK AT GUIDEBOOKS

A. Most of us pick up a guidebook when we're going away. But just as there are many types of traveller, so there are many styles of book. Whether you're keen to know what to see, where to stay or where to go clubbing, it's important you select the book that suits your tastes and your personality. The same destinations are visited by different types of people, all requiring something different from their guide. Travellers are very well served by the guides available, whether they are cultural guides or guides that place more emphasis on nightlife. 

B. Blue Guides are for people who take their sightseeing seriously. The guides are packed with history and full of architectural detail. There are no pictures, but lots of diagrams of things like medieval building plans. The publishers recently introduced restaurant recommendations for the first time, and were criticised by some readers, who said that such things should not be in the guides. 

C. The Rough Guides approach has always been to explore countries as lived-in places, not just holiday destinations, and they have an in-depth emphasis on things like the kind of film the local cinema shows or the best bread in the local bakery. There is high-quality writing in these guides and the cultural sections are very strong. The founder of the Rough Guides recently criticised the casual attitude to air travel that could have a terrible effect on global warming. Warnings will appear in all new editions of the guides about the impact of flying and these will encourage readers to 'fly less and stay longer'. 

D. Eyewitness Travel Guides are colourful, easy-to-use guides with superb graphics. For example, the building-by-building illustration of the Grand Canal in Venice is brilliant. But historical detail definitely takes second place to the illustrations, and some people may find that there is not enough cultural information. On the plus side, the 'Visit Highlights' sections summarise the aspects of every destination that no visitor to the place should miss. This is an excellent feature for people on tours and only visiting places for a very short time. 

E. If you care what brand of trainers you wear, Time Out guides are for you. These are trendy guides which get much more excited about designer clothes shops than historic buildings. They are great on restaurants, bars with a good atmosphere and people-watching, and they are written in the language of modern youth, which is either exciting or annoying, depending on your point of view. 

F. Explorer Guides are straightforward and practical. They cover all the basic information
required in a guidebook well, and are nicely designed with lots of colour photos. The
unique selling point of these books is certainly the map, included in a pocket at the back
of each book. This is very valuable for those intending to travel by car because the
amount of detail in maps you can buy locally in other countries can vary considerably.

G. Lonely Planet guides are very much aimed at back-packers and trekkers, rather than
tourists on organised trips, and they offer such people a wealth of information on places
to go and how to get there. The history and culture of places are covered in a broad and
general way, rather than in great detail, but the typical reader is the sort of person happy
to find things out themselves and form their own impressions and views. Although the
publishers are Australian, the spellings are American, so there are lots of words like
‘color’ and ‘center’, which British readers might find slightly strange.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. ONE BIG DISADVANTAGE
2. ALLOWED THE SECOND TIME
3. BIGGER THAN EXPECTED
4. POSSIBLY THE BEST OF ALL TIME
5. A RECORD IS ESTABLISHED
6. ON THE MOVE
7. IT NEVER HAPPENED AGAIN
8. A TRICK THAT WORKED

THE MOST UNUSUAL POP AND ROCK PERFORMANCES 

A. Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison, 1968

Johnny Cash had been playing in prisons in as early as 1957 and he often sang about people who lived outside the law. By the late 1960s, his career was not doing well, and his record company suggested actually recording an album at Folsom Prison, near Sacramento, California, which had been the subject of one of his greatest songs, Folsom Prison Blues. The result was perhaps the greatest live album ever. It was full of tension as Cash joked about the warders who were in charge of the 2,000 prisoners. 

B. The Beatles on a London rooftop, 1969

Since 1966, the Beatles had been avoiding touring and the screaming of their teenage fans. After several years of being together in recording studios, Lennon and McCartney could hardly stand each other's company. Following a meeting in the offices of their company Apple in London's Savile Row, it was decided that they would play their last few songs live a few days later on the roof upstairs. The 42-minute early morning 'concert', which amazed commuters below and was later featured in the film Let It Be, was the Beatles' last live performance. 

C. Pink Floyd at Pompeii, 1972

The rock scene of the early 1970s specialised in finding peculiar places to perform in. Pink Floyd were masters of that art, but they came up with something different when they held a concert in the recently excavated Pompeii (the Italian city that had been buried for nearly 2,000 years after the volcano Vesuvius erupted). But there was a major drawback - there was no audience. The resulting lack of a real concert atmosphere meant that, in the movie that they made of the event, half the songs were actually filmed later in Paris. This explains why keyboard player Rick Wright has a beard in some songs but not in others. 

D. Spandau Ballet on a battleship, 1980

The fashion called 'New Romantics' was the big thing in Britain and London's Spandau Ballet were the scene's hottest band. Their manager thought of an idea that he hoped would get his group a contract with a major record company. He hired a former battleship moored on the river Thames by Tower Bridge, saying that it was for a group of students and that a jazz band would be playing. Instead, the boat filled with Spandau Ballet's fans, the band put on a great performance and soon afterwards they were offered a contract by a major record company. 

E. U2 on a hotel rooftop, 2000

U2 first made a rooftop appearance in 1987 at the Million Dollar Hotel in Los Angeles, where they tried to play a live concert while shooting the video for the song Where the Streets Have No Name. But police came along and stopped them. In 2000 in Dublin, with 4,000 gathered on the road below, they performed several songs on the roof of the Clarence Hotel, which they owned. There were no problems with the law there. 

F. The Others on a London Underground train, 2004

Inspired by the fact that new technology meant that a band's fans could be contacted by text message, a fashion for suddenly-arranged performances grew quickly. The strangest was one by The Others, who assembled a crowd on the London Underground, took them all on to a Circle Line train, and performed as the train made its circuit around London. 

G. Various British musicians on Mount Everest, 2005

Over Christmas 2004, there were rumours that Coldplay were going to play at Nepal's Kathmandu National Stadium, 1,372 metres above sea level. This proved to be untrue, but, inspired by the idea, a lesser-known bunch of British musicians did a charity performance for Nepalese orphans at Kalar Pattar, above Mount Everest's base camp, at a huge 5,545 metres above sea level. The 40-minute concert in front of 100 fellow mountaineers is officially the 'highest gig on earth'. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Helpful indeed
2. Most loving ones
3. Outdoing the humans
4. Little but not the least
5. Testing IQ
6. A true friend
7. Distant relatives
8. Becoming dangerous 

A. The strongest sense for dogs is smell. In comparison to humans, dogs have almost 25 percent more scent receptors. As a result, dogs have an excellent sense of smell. Just as many humans rely on their sense of sight to navigate, dogs rely on their sense of smell to understand and explore their surroundings. Dogs can smell scents about 100,000 times more acutely than humans. Because of their acute and accurate sense of smell, some breeds of dog are unique indeed.

B. The word "dog" refers to a species of animals within the canine family. Dogs typically live within households and are owned by people as pets or as working dogs, which makes them domestic for the most part. There are some very friendly dogs that are great for families with children of all ages. Since dogs can pick up scents that humans cannot detect, they are also valuable additions to law enforcement teams, where they perform activities like smelling for drugs and weapons.

C. While most dogs, by today's standards, would be considered to be of the domestic variety, there are many different species of canines that live in the wild and are feral. Some examples of feral dogs are coyotes, wolves, jackals and dingoes. These feral species can be found throughout the world in some parts of North America, Africa, Asia and Europe. In some cases, these dogs are dangerous to humans. Canines like wolves and coyotes are often a nuisance to farmers and livestock. 

D. Although pit bulls, German shepherds and rottweilers are often considered the most aggressive breeds of dog, any dog of any breed can be aggressive. Research shows that training and socialization are more important than breed in predicting aggression. According to the Smithsonian Institution, most researchers report that any puppy can grow into an aggressive dog in future. Dominance-based training methods are very often linked to increased aggressive behaviours.

E. While any dog breed or mix can be affectionate, some breeds, such as retrievers, have a reputation for being extra friendly. Other dogs like huskies require a little more interaction and attention in order to earn their affection, which gives them a less-affectionate reputation. All dogs require attention and the proper training and care. German shepherds, for example, are so caring and affectionate of their owners that they experience separation anxiety when left alone for too long.

F. Those who prefer small dogs often choose breeds, such as Spitz, Maltese and toy poodle, which all typically weigh less than 5 pounds. Many of these breeds are referred to as "toy" versions of a particular breed. Breeders selectively breed small or toy-sized dogs to create even smaller dogs that they classify as teacup size. The Yorkshire dogs, commonly known as Yorkies, were bred to be rat hunters. Even with their small stature, Yorkies may try to pick fights with larger dogs.

G. The most common criterion for measuring intelligence in dogs is how easy the dog is to train. Researchers look at how quickly the dog can figure out what the trainer is asking for, how likely the dog is to repeat the action, how many commands the dog can learn and how long it can retain a learned command without reinforcement. However, these results can be skewed by the different ways some breeds interact with people. The most intelligent breeds of dog are working breeds. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. A dream place
2. Signs to consider
3. A popular hobby
4. The time allowed
5. A dream tool
6. Come and win
7. Virtual fishing
8. Fishing forecast  

A. The best times of day to fish are one hour before and after high tide, and one hour before and after low tide. Just after sunrise and just before sunset are also great times to fish because this is when fish feed. When the temperature begins to rise is another good fishing time. The flow of water also has an effect on successful fishing. It is better to fish when the water is still or rippled tinily on a very windy day. Likewise, a full moon is an indication that the fishing should be good.

B. There are many resorts to which people travel primarily for the fishing opportunities offered. Such a resort usually caters for other outdoor activities, for example hunting, hiking or rafting, as well. Fishing seasons vary according to region and types of fish typical to the water bodies within it. It is common for a resort that caters for outdoor sportsmen to offer prime fishing excursions in season, though depending on the typical climate of the region excursions may be offered all year round. 

C. A fishing barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure. It operates like any other barometer, with the added benefit of displaying whether or not conditions are ideal for fishing. Use of a fishing barometer is based on the theory that barometric pressure affects fish feeding activity. It is also believed that high pressure results in fish moving to shallower water, while low pressure leads fish to deeper water. A good fisherman can take advantage of these behaviours. 

D. The dates of fishing season depend entirely on the location. Each region has specific rules about fishing requirements. Local fish and wildlife authorities can be consulted to determine the exact dates, as well as other specific fishing regulations. As an example, Yellowstone National Park declares fishing season to be officially open between Memorial Day and the first Sunday of November. During this time period, those with proper licenses can fish the waters of the national park. 

E. Accurate calendars, tables and charts reporting the best times and dates for fishing and other activities that are dependent on the movement patterns and locations of animals are offered by BassMaster.com and PrimeTimes2.com. Most calendars that claim to report the best times to go fishing at various locations are based on Solunar theory. Solunar theory was developed in 1926 by J. A. Knight to predict the movements of animals based on some facto including the location of the moon. 

F. Fishing tournaments are organized regularly in many regions throughout the country. A boat, if needed, is typically provided for each contestant. To compete efficiently and get a prize in a fishing tournament, fishermen are usually advised to bring from three to five fishing rods, depending on how they plan to fish. Fishermen are also advised to dress in layers and wear polarized sunglasses. Entry costs for fishing tournaments vary depending on the tournament and the entry category.

G. People can find many fishing games online; two such games are Bass Fishing Pro and Bass Fishing Challenge. They are both fun games but differ slightly in nature. Bass Fishing Pro rewards a player for the total amount of fish caught in a set time period. Advancement in the game only occurs if all of the fish are caught within a certain level. Bass Fishing Challenge is a slightly more sophisticated game. The ultimate focus of this game is to advance through achieving a high score. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Necessary Components
2. Important Conclusion
3. Useful Advice
4. Significant Difference 
5. Health Risks
6. Moderation Is the Key!
7. Diet and Exercise
8. Benefits of Good Nutrition 

A. Developing healthy eating habits is simpler and easier than you might think. You will look and feel better if you make a habit of eating healthfully. You will have more energy and your immune system will be stronger. When you eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables you are lowering your risk of heart disease, cancers and many other serious health ailments. Healthy eating habits are your ticket to a healthier body and mind.

B. A four-week clinical trial that tested the new regimen found that overweight adults who consumed a high-protein, entirely vegan diet were able to lose about the same amount of weight as a comparison group of dieters on a high-carbohydrate, low-fat vegetarian dairy diet. But while those on the high-carbohydrate dairy diet experienced drops of 12 percent in their cholesterol, those on the high-protein vegan diet saw cholesterol reductions of 20 percent.

C. 'The idea preyed on me for a long time. If the Atkins Diet looks good, and it's got so much saturated fat and cholesterol in it, suppose we took that out and put vegetarian protein sources in, which may lower cholesterol,' Dr. Jenkins said. 'We know that nuts lower cholesterol and prevent heart disease, and soy is eaten in the Far East, where they don't get much heart disease. So we put these foods together as protein and fat sources.'

D. The first official warning about the dangers of the Atkins diet was issued by the government amid concern about the rising number of people opting for the high-fat, high-protein diet. Cutting out starchy foods can be bad for your health because you could be missing out on a range of nutrients. Low-carbohydrate diets tend to be high in fat, and this could increase your chances of developing coronary heart disease.

E. Earlier this year, a large study that compared different kinds of diets — including low-fat and low-carbohydrate plans — found that the method didn't matter as long as people cut calories. That study also found that after two years, most people had regained at least some of the weight they had lost. Dr. Tuttle said that while different weight loss plans offer people different 'tricks' and strategies, ultimately, 'It really comes down to calories in and calories out.'

F. When you think about nutrition, be aware of serving sizes. Many people will eat everything on their plate, regardless of how hungry they actually are. If you know you tend to clean your plate, make an effort to reduce your serving size. If you're eating out or dining at a friend's house, don't be shy about asking for smaller portion sizes. Too much of any one food is a bad thing. There are no bad foods, just bad eating habits.

G. Your body has to stay well hydrated to perform at its best and to properly process all the nutrients in the food you eat. Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day. You may need even more water if you are in a hot environment or if you are exercising. If you are trying to lose weight, add plenty of ice to each glass of water. Your body will burn energy to warm the water up to body temperature. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Use Silence
2. Gestures and Posture
3. Audience Awareness
4. Sensible Dress 
5. Distinct and Audible Speech
6. Consider Context
7. Speaking Through Eyes
8. Strategic Listening 

A. The first thing that a good speaker does is looks at the audience and takes a pause before beginning his speech. This helps to create a good impression on the audience. Throughout the speech, the speaker should maintain eye contact with the listeners, otherwise they will feel that they are being ignored and it is quite likely that they also ignore whatever he is trying to convey. 

B. Proper variation in emotion and tempo of the voice improves the quality of performance. Accurate pronunciation of words with due stresses wherever required must be done. One more important thing while communicating is that your voice must be clear and loud enough for the audience to hear it. A loud voice can be a strong point for being an effective speaker.

C. Concentrate on your ideas and do not get distracted by the activities performed by the audience, for example, smiling or whispering. To make your communication successful get the clue about the listeners and their interests. Think over the age, sex and background of the people. See whether the audience is patient enough to handle you for hours. Check out if they are friendly or hostile.

D. Facial expressions reveal what thoughts are running through a person's mind. So while communicating, make sure that your facial expressions reveal your interest for the subject on which you are communicating. The body movements while speaking must coordinate with your convincing power. They must add to the things which are more effectively caught visually than verbally.

E. If you are trying to improve your own communication, concentrate on ways to make your nonverbal signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. Some situations require more formal behaviour that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. So when you are communicating with others, always take into account the situation in which the communication occurs. 

F. Don't be afraid to pause and breathe. Listeners need time to reflect on what you are saying. Just like we need 'white space' and punctuation on the written page, we need pauses when we speak. Talking non-stop is a huge drawback. Having the confidence to pause for a few seconds in between sentences commands attention rather than diverts it.

G. The appearance plays an important role in presenting ourselves to society. The people who wear clothes suitable to their body structure look attractive. A person's physical appearance creates a definite impact on the communication process. Our clothes should not be too modern for the people whom we are interacting with. However, they should be able to create a positive impression on them.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. To sport or not to sport?
2. Traditions of youth pastime all over the world
3. Out-of-school activity as a harmful chance for youth 
4. Youth pastime as a chance to contribute to the society
5. Youth organizations as a background for youth development
6. Percentage of youth leisure time in the world
7. Money as a reason for or against attending youth organizations
8. A real picture of youth pastime priorities

A. __________
The results of the opinion poll conducted among young people living in big cities and ) in the country add up to the following hierarchy of pastimes: music in combination with such forms of group activities as discos, concerts, and cafes come first, followed by the Internet, theatre and reading. Then come films, museums, amateur arts and engineering, and, finally, TV and classical music.

B. __________
Numerous youth organizations give young people a chance to develop and broaden their interests and to gain experience in working with others. Among these groups are the Boy Scouts, ) which count more than four million boys. This organization is for training boys in various useful skills such as making a fire, and for developing their character. This and other groups I are guided by adults who work in volunteer services.

C. __________
The out-of-school hours constitute a period during which bad things can and do happen, including drinking, smoking, unprotected sexual activity, delinquency and violence. This perspective is reflected in the tone of popular media coverage focused on young people's leisure. Prominent news magazines in the United States lead with headlines such as "Wild in the Streets" and "Teenaged Wolf Packs" when they report on young people's use of their leisure time.

D. __________
Most young men and about half of young women in Britain take a passive interest in sport or active (take part in a sporting activity on a regular basis). Fitness is encouraged i through school and by many outside organizations. Football, either in school teams or in rapidly assembled groups playing during the school break times, is highly popular. Large commercial sports and leisure centres usually offer discount of membership rates for young people.

E. __________
Surveys show that only relatively few young people regularly attend youth clubs and organizations. Most of them are more interested in some activities that do not cost money and can be picked up or dropped with ease. Lack of their own money in the younger age group means that a great deal of their time is spent with friends, window-shopping in town, cycling or skate-boarding.

F. __________
Around the world, young people are proving that leisure represents a prime opportunity not only for individual development, but also for contribution and change. Rates of voluntary participation in community building and community development have increased dramatically among youth in many regions. Young people have demonstrated the desire and capacity to use their own time to make an impact on their communities and societies.

G. __________
The amount of time young people spend away from work and school work varies significantly across populations and regions. Differences exist within the developing world. In a Kenyan sample, 10 per cent of children's waking hours were free, compared with 63 per cent for a sample of young men in urban India. In developing country populations, boys tend to have significantly more leisure time than do girls, as the latter spend more time in household labour than their male counterparts do.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Exotic Pets
2. Going Back in Time
3. Small Screen Addiction
4. Body Language 
5. Massive Destruction
6. Buried Treasure
7. Reason for Extinction
8. Intelligent Enemies 

A. The VLT (Very Large Telescope) is the world's largest telescope and it is taking scientists further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible. In other words, the VLT is a kind of a time machine, giving astronomers detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. One day, we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

B. The latest development in the debate amongst scientists about what killed the pre-historic dinosaurs is the suggestion that acid rain was the cause. Some geologists suggest that a large meteor hitting the earth at 65 kilometres per second would have led to strongly acidic rain falling all over the world. This idea is fascinating but it would mean the dinosaurs would all have died within a very short time. 

C. In 1948, a British farmer discovered an interesting lump of metal while ploughing his field. At first he thought the metal bits were parts of an old bed. Then more 'parts of old beds' turned up and the farmer took them to the local museum. 'But these bits are priceless!' exclaimed the keeper of the museum. 'They are Iron Age jewellery and coins!' Over the next 40 years, more and more items were found in the same field.

D. Rats may have had a bit of a hard time over the years but these days lots of people are forgetting about guinea-pigs and hamsters and are buying rats instead. Domestic rats aren't the same as the ones that run around rubbish bins — they're actually quite cute. They are very intelligent and can be trained like dogs. They come in different colours and — a big bonus — they will eat anything!

E. In Western cultures, people look each other in the eye during a conversation to show interest and trust, but in many Asian countries, it's rude to look people in the eye, especially a superior such as a teacher. One of the most basic and powerful signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others.

F. Earthquakes happen all the time in all parts of the world but we don't notice most of them because they are small. However, big earthquakes are really dangerous. They can make buildings fall down, set off landslides and do other deadly things. The highest death toll caused by an earthquake was in China in 1556, when at least 830,000 people died.

G. According to scientists, Americans watch more TV on average than any other nationality. In fact, many people, particularly children, sit for 35 hours or more per week glued to the box. What's wrong with watching all that TV? Studies have linked it to everything from obesity to aggression in children not to mention that it puts your mind into a sort of sedated state. Habitual television watching, over long periods of time, has been known to cause depression, and anger. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. What's in a name?
2. A hobby for people
3. Beautiful inhabitants
4. Creating beauty isn't easy
5. What does it mean?
6. Shopping for flowers
7. An important function
8. The best flower period

A. Growing flowers is the activity and craft of growing plants, with a goal of creating a wonderful and amazing world around. Growing flowers is an admiration for many people, a dream for so many and a full time job for some others who grow flower gardens for commercial purposes. The process of growing flowers requires a lot of patience, love and care, but the amazing result is worth trying. Growing a flower garden in particular is an exciting adventure indeed. 

B. Many flowers have descriptive names or derive their names from ancient legends. For example, when squeezed, the blossom of the snapdragon looks like a dragon opening its jaws. The narcissus is named for the Greek myth of Narcissus and Echo. NamesofFlowers.net features alphabetized lists of flower names. The website also provides subgroups of flowers such as tropical, spring, summer and wedding flowers, and also alphabetized lists of flowers by colour categories. 

C. The purpose of a flower is to attract pollinators to a plant so that the plant creates seeds. Bright colours, strong scents and sweet nectar all work together to attract birds, bees, ants, flies and other insects to move pollen from one flower to another. In some parts of the world small mammals and lizards also function as pollinators. The particular colour, pattern or scent of a flower attracts the appropriate pollinators. Some flowers produce pollen that is carried by the wind to other flowers. 

D. Flowers are a great gift idea for loved ones, and it has never been easier to buy flowers for friends and family, near and far, thanks to a large number of online delivery services. Whether a person is wishing someone a happy birthday, sending sympathy or celebrating a big life moment like the birth of a baby or a wedding engagement, there are plenty of floral arrangement options to choose from online. Most online floral companies organize their arrangements by category. 

E. Most flowers bloom in spring or summer. The specific timing of each bloom depends on the weather pattern in each area. Local florists or gardens are good sources of information. on the blooming patterns of certain flowers in any particular climate. A number of online guides to flowers'and plant life in different cities and parks are available to those interested in observing the local trends. Generally, spring-blooming flowers are a welcome sight as they mark the arrival of warm weather. 

F. Some good flowering indoor plants include orchids, desert cacti and peace lilies. Orchids are the most popular blooming houseplant. There are thousands of varieties and hybrids of orchids, including those in every colour of the rainbow. Orchids need a moderate amount of watering and re-bloom, making it a long-lasting plant. Peace lilies are another option with folded white flowers and glossy green leaves. It is a tropical plant that does well with some warmth and humidity indoors. 

G. Not only are flowers beautiful additions to our homes, weddings and special events, they also have different meanings attached to them. Flower language is the art of flower symbolism. Floriography is another name for the language of flowers. Within the art of floriography, every flower carries its own special meaning, according to its variety and colour. Some flowers even take on a new meaning dependent on the number gifted, for example, a single red rose denotes "love at first sight". 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Hazardous Waste
2. Invisible Threat
3. Primary Reason
4. Possible Solutions 
5. Global Destruction
6. Disastrous Growth
7. Water Shortage
8. Quick Change 

A. Acid rain moves easily affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other's environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some scientists think that human production is primarily responsible, while others cite natural causes as well.

B. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries.

C. Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D. Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health.

E. Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical. So it's important to make people realize the disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F. Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.

G. The world's population has been booming for years. The population is now threat-ening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many parts of the world even worse. 


 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. A bright start
2. The first disappointment
3. Orientate yourself
4. Learning while teaching 
5. The right choice
6. In one breath
7. Love at first sight
8. Having someone near

A. I was very excited about my first teaching job. I didn't plan it but I was given an opportunity to teach at an exclusive university. I was greatly challenged by my students then. They were great English speakers way ahead of me as I was not so confident, articulate, and fluent. But whew, I survived! In fact, it was a great learning experience for me. I had to do a lot of practice like talking to myself in front of the mirror or taking notes of the jokes. It was funny but it helped a lot to improve my language skills.

B. Although I could have chosen different specializations when I got my first degree in Engineering, I decided to get my Master's in Marketing. I did not know if I was prepared for that. I was only 21 when I started it up but my teachers believed that I had some natural skills. Even though I had some doubts at the beginning, choosing to do a Master's degree in this field was one of the most important decisions in my life. It shaped me the way I am now: a gleaming professor trying to contribute to the development of society.

C. I remember my first day at school; it was my mother who took me there. I had to wear a school uniform: a white polo shirt, black trousers, and black leather shoes. I had a small backpack with an exercise book, a pencil box, a bottle of water, and my lunch box inside. I was happy and very excited to see other students. That day I met my future friends and teachers. Throughout the years I learnt many subjects like English, Maths, Science, Religion, PE, Art, and Social studies. Now my first week is over, but I still remember it. 

D. 33 hours a week. A dollar an hour. My first teaching job at an upcoming college in my home province showed me the realities of work life. I was a fresh graduate from university and I wanted to get a job soon enough. I accepted the offer because I felt it was somewhat prestigious to teach at a college. But it was exhausting to teach 11 classes in one week with an average of 25 students per class. The 2-hour daily commute to work and back added to the exhaustion. It wasn't as prestigious a job as I imagined.

E. Throughout the years I had many jobs but the first one was unforgettable. I loved what I did. I loved teaching English and Public Speaking classes. It was wonderful to meet new colleagues who soon became friends. The fellowship among teachers was genuine and warm. The best part for me was being in the classroom teaching real students. It was fulfilling to see them learn and grow. It's been more than 20 years since I first entered the classroom, and I'm still teaching. I guess I'll stay in the vocation for a little bit more. 

F. I think it's a good idea for parents to come and stay for a night in a hotel nearby for your first day of uni. I, unfortunately, was on my own on move-in day and it was a massive hassle! It was difficult trying to carry all the stuff on my own and I ended up having to ask a stranger outside my accommodation if they could help me carry my shopping up to my room, which was super embarrassing. It's also nice to have someone there for you, all of my flatmates parents helped them move in so it was a bit lonely for me the first couple of days while they were with their family.

G. My first day at university was very nerve-wracking, as I completely forgot what I actually meant to do when I finally got there. It was embarrassing at first when my mom roamed around the room making my bed and asking where to put my teddies. But once she left I propped the door open with a chair and made friends with each and every flatmate popping in and saying hi. I got my university ID card and went out with my friends. I tried to make the most of every second as they flew by. The next thing I knew, I was graduating! 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. An inaccurate stereotype
2. Music is everywhere
3. A magical sound
4. Working for benefits 
5. Misleading ideas
6. An illusion of learning
7. No more secrets?
8. Technological discoveries 

A. Magpies do not have the best of reputations. They are well known for their thievery, enthusiastically collecting shiny objects to decorate their nests. In the past, when people kept magpies as pets there were plenty of opportunities for birds to pick up objects of value. However, even though the birds do pick up all sorts of things to explore them there is absolutely no evidence that people have ever found anything silver or of value in a magpie's nest. Magpies are not thieves, they are merely inquisitive.

B. When a cat purrs, you might think it is as simple as a human smiling or a dog wagging its tail joyfully, but it's more complicated than that. Cats don't just purr when they're happy but also when they're distressed or afraid. Evidence shows that purring is not only a method of communication but a defence mechanism and a way to keep calm in stressful or painful situations. The low frequency of a cat's purr causes a series of vibrations inside their body that can ease breathing, heal injuries and build muscle while acting as a form of pain relief.

C. Have you ever noticed that the more times you read the text the less you remember it? A survey stated that the most commonly used strategy of school and university students is repeated reading. That means that they simply read through books or notes over and over again. This passive and shallow strategy produces minimal or no studying. Mostly it happens because when we read the material again and again, it becomes familiar and easy for our minds to process. However, it doesn't mean that we have mastered it.

D. Understanding how dogs and puppies learn will give you the power to control your best friend. In wild animals energy is precious. When food runs out, energy rapidly follows. Everything the animal does has an energy cost, so animals have evolved to do what paybacks them. In other words, when things 'get better' for your dog, it will try that behaviour again. Next time you train your dog, deliberately reward it for something that you like, because a well-behaved dog is actually a happy dog. 

E. From Egyptian harps to Roman trumpets, from Mesopotamian songs to Greek hymns, not to mention a wealth of vases, frescoes, statues, and tablets, testifying to the importance of music in ancient societies. Songs and melodies were a constant presence in public life. They accompanied religious rites to attract the attention of the gods, they were performed at important events related to social-political power, and even played on the battlefield, sounding the signal to attack, and in parades to celebrate a victory.

F. Baby girls wear pink. Baby boys wear blue. Little girls join the dance. Little boys play hockey. Young ladies study teaching. Young men study math. Nice women marry nice men, raise nice little boys and girls, and the cycle of stereotypical life continues unless you make a conscious effort to let yourself be who you are. Stereotypes create a misconception of who people are and how they live in other cultures, religions, or countries. They are bad even when they're good. And this is a big problem in our multicultural society.

G. It is easy to believe that we have mapped the entire world and that the idea of uncharted waters, mysterious islands untouched and creatures unseen by humankind seems fantastic. Surely we've found everything there is to find? Not necessarily. Back in 2012, an ecologist and conservation scientist discovered a new ecosystem on satellite imagery. He used satellite maps to navigate to a place and drones to hike the mountain, which up until then had only been a bird's-eye view image on a satellite. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. The same conversation
2. Know-it-all backpackers
3. Anti-social behaviour
4. Backpacking as a lifestyle 
5. A five-minute friend
6. Who is a better traveller?
7. Excessive partying
8. The herd mentality 

A. Whenever you arrive somewhere new, travellers ask you five questions: Where are you from? Where are you going? Where have you been? How long are you travelling for? How long are you here? After five years — no, after first five days — it's pretty boring having to talk about it over and over again. It becomes second nature. However, I mix it up now. When I get asked one of these questions, I reply by asking what's their favourite colour or least favourite place they have ever seen. It is better than "what do you do back home?"

B. You meet great people — and then tomorrow they are gone. Maybe you will see each other again, maybe not. It's great meeting so many amazing people on the road, but I hate how everyone is always leaving, especially just as you get to know someone. It's a snowball of sadness. I've met countless amazing people on the road, and sure, in that moment and in that time, that was fun. Maybe that was all that was meant to be. But it's nice to have some consistency and have a friend for a little longer than that.

C. In the backpacking world, it's always someone's first or last night and therefore a reason to go out — which means there's a lot of fun going on. I've done my fair share of celebrating, and I'll admit that it's great when you are just starting out. You are excited about the road, everything is new, and it's a good way to meet people. But after a few months, it gets boring and repetitive. You get weary of just having fun all the time, as though that is the only activity in the world. Can't we just go and do something else?

D. There is always someone who has travelled more than you. Even after five years of backpacking the world, I know people who have spent six, seven, eight years with nothing but a backpack. However, I hate when without being asked people start to give their opinion about where others should or shouldn't go. Or they begin to tell you the history of a place to try to "educate" you on how things really are. No one likes a show-off. I often refrain from correcting people simply because I don't want to be "that guy."

E. I've been backpacking for over five years now. That's a long time to travel period, let alone stay in dorm rooms, live out of the same backpack, and travel on the cheep. Most days, I love this style of travel and I love backpacking. It's fun and social, and you get to meet amazing people. But sometimes, the little things met grind your gears, which is most often when people are rude .d inconsiderate. Backpacking is a great way of living, and like any way of life it has its ups and downs. I'm just lucky it has more ups than downs.

F. I wanted to be a backpacker because they embodied a spirit of adventure and discovery. They were out to see the world, discover its hidden secrets, and meet new locals. Turns out, that's often not the case. More often than not, backpackers today follow the same well-laid travel route that thousands have tread before them. They simply follow the pack. Popular places are popular for a reason, and I would never suggest skipping Thailand or Paris. But be a bit more curious and wander off somewhere random.

G. Too many travellers like to tells themselves up by discussing how long they have travelled for or how many countries they have been to, as though traveling is a competition. They sew flags to their bags and backpacks from every country they've been to. They do it to let people know how awesome they are for having been to so many places. "You've been to 20 countries?" "I've been to 372' It doesn't actually matter if you have been to 4, 19, or 150 countries — everyone's journey is their own and all are equal. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Safety gear
2. Dangerous foods
3. Spring dance
4. High speed chase 
5. Spring irritations
6. Chasing after danger
7. Safety first
8. Food fight 

A. While they know ifs wrong to do, and it should result in punishment for all involved, students occasionally throw their lunch at one another. You've seen it in films, and while it rarely happens in real life, it most happen from time to time, mustn't it? It looks quite fun to do, although not so much fun for the school's housekeeping staff who have to clean up the mess.

B. When fighting forest fires, firemen face some of the most dangerous conditions that any person could face. Temperatures soar to heights that the human body can't handle, which is why firemen must wear heavy, flame-resistant clothing. Falling debris is a problem, too, as branches snap from the trees and fall to the ground, so helmets are essential to protect the head.

C. Many people suffer from allergies, which can be caused by a number of things. Probably the worst time of the year for sufferers is after winter has finished and temperatures begin to rise. Trees grow leaves, flowers bloom, and all of this places particles in the air that get up our noses and cause us to itch, sneeze, cough and get watery eyes.

D. How any personality types are there? Some say there are up to nine, but surely there are more than that. One personality type describes people who are always cautious. These people are careful to stay out of danger and they avoid risk at all costs. They might seem rather conservative, but these people have an important function. They're the ones that are going to keep us safe above all.

E. Health professionals and nutritionists have recently discovered that wheat can actually cause an allergic reaction in some people. It's a shame, really, because this means that these people have to avoid eating bread, pasta, cakes and many other basic staples. Eating these foods can cause coughing, clogged nasal passages and even skin rashes. Luckily, there are medications that can lessen the effects of wheat allergies.

F. When April and May come round, some schools prepare a special occasion where students can relax and have a good time. Students dress up in nice outfits, meet in the school hall and enjoy listening to music from a Dj or a local band. It's an opportunity for them to show off their moves on the floor and really let loose. 

G. Some people have a personality type that pushes them to task risks. They're the type of people who take great pleasure in doing dangerous things, such as bungee jumping, rock climbing or racing cars. Playing it safe is just not in their nature, so while they enjoy the greatest thrills in life, they sometimes get themselves in a bit of trouble. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Building materials
2. The longest on Earth
3. Safe travel
4. Designing a building 
5. Invented by accident
6. Comfortable living
7. How did they do it?
8. Why seasons change 

A. Most of Africa's rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they use hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair.

B. An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example, some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others — to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials.

C. Did you know that an eleven-year-old child first created the Popsicle? The boy's name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle.

D. As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter. 

E. In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air.

F. Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-four-hour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This "day", or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark, and Antarctica has its "night", or winter.

G. Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the "Titanic", a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship's side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the "Titanic", several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. The city decline
2. Difficult early times
3. A port needed for trade
4. The status still kept 
5. The time of wealth
6. A centre of technology
7. A long-awaited fortress
8. Glorious war history 

A. Today, Russia is washed by 13 seas. However, this was not always the case. In the 18th century, the country had only been able to directly access the Arctic Ocean and fought a hard battle to establish some sort of a presence in the Baltic Sea. In 1581, during the Livonian War, Swedish forces captured Nerve, which was the only large Russian port on the Baltic coast at that time and was of strategic importance to Russia. So, the Russian tsar Ivan IV had nothing left to do but to look to the north.

B. In absolute terms, European trade was booming in the 16th century, new trading routes were searched for. It was nearly impossible for Russia to engage in trade with Western Europe in such conditions, but it was absolutely necessary for Russia's continued development. English traders by then had already carved a route to Russian settlements on the shores of the White Sea. However, there were too few local piers for effective trade to take place. A large full-fledged port was required for merchants' ships.

C. On March 4, 1583, the tsar ordered the establishment of a city near the Mikhailo-Archangel monastery, located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, 30 kilometres from the White Sea. The following year, the New Kholmogory fortress was built there and, from the 17th century onwards, it became known as Arkhangelsk. The fortress was constructed from masts tied together. The most skillful master of carpentry could not have produced anything better. It became Russia's only route into Europe then.

D. Arkhangelsk developed rapidly as a city, and there were many good reasons for that. A large sea pier was constructed, as well as trade centres for foreign merchants —so-called Guest Courts. Brits, Dutch and other "Germans" brought imported cloth, velvet, lace, wines, precious stones, gunpowder and cannons, bringing back with them wheat, pork and pork fat, sable, sap and other goods. Almost all of Russia's trade with the West in those days used to be conducted through Arkhangelsk. 

E. Peter I visited the city in 1693 and came to be rather impressed with what he saw: the amount and variety of foreign ships dazzled the young tsar. On his orders, the shipyard was founded, which oversaw the construction of the Russian trading and naval fleet. On June 25, 1701, at the very start of the Northern War against Sweden, the enemy attempted to take the city, but was crushed in the area near the Novodvinsk fortress, which guarded the approaches. This became the first major Russian victory in that war.

F. At the start of his reign, Peter I accomplished a lot for the development of Arkhangelsk, but, in the end, it was also he who bore the blame for the fading glory of this key centre of Russian trade. After the tide of the war turned in Russian favour, the tsar's decrees began deliberately redirecting the flow of trade from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg. In 1718, only a third of the exports went through the northern port. And after the war ended, St. Petersburg presided over 100 % of all trade with Western states.

G. Until Peter I fought to create his "window to Europe" through the Baltic Sea, the only window of such kind Russia had ever had was situated in the Arctic Ocean. It was the city of Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk has long stopped being the main port in Russia, and the city never served the purpose of the "northern gate" in the country. However, there is one area it never fell behind in — as in the 18th century, the city continues to play a major role in the launching of scientific expeditions into the Arctic Ocean. 
 


 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Arrange and order
2. Do your homework
3. Give it a second chance
4. Recognise the real need 
5. Just stop shopping
6. No longer in a mailing list
7. Rescue the rejects
8. Switch to pre-order 

A. As Joan Crawford once advised: "Care for your clothes like the good friends they are." Something has definitely gone wrong if you find it easier to buy a new outfit in your lunch hour instead of going through a pile of clothes on your floor for something that isn't creased or dirty, or both. So take more time to organise your clothes and try storing winter and summer clothes separately. It helps calm the shopping panic and feel excited every time those old friends reappear again and again.

B. Even if you're never going to start making dresses from scratch, you can make your wardrobe better with little more than a YouTube tutorial and a hotel sewing kit. Clothes are sometimes abandoned for the smallest of reasons, such as an uncomfortable neckline or a scratchy label. You shouldn't be afraid of using the scissors. Learn a few basic skills and you can replace buttons and zips, patch up the worn-out leg of your best-loved jeans and restyle secondhand finds to fit you perfectly.

C. If you are fussy about wearing a stranger's hand-me-downs, deadstock is a sustainable compromise. Usually, these are clothes that were never sold because of small defects or oversupply. Searching "deadstock" on sites such as Etsy and eBay will return great items from across the decades that might have been destined for the bin or burning. Likewise, clothes which are available for sale at a reduced price is a common sight in charity shops. If you care about our planet, give those extra items a loving home.

D. Fashion has its negative effects both on our planet and on people. Who made our clothes? Which materials were used? Fashion brands begin to understand that people care about those things and sometimes share false information to present an environmentally responsible public image. Luckily, there are apps which help us to shop consciously. They have rated more than 2,000 brands on their treatment of people, the planet and animals, providing an at-a-glance verdict from "great" to "avoid".

E. The cheapest way to reduce one's role in fashion negative effect on the environment is to stop buying. And yet for many of us, the simple idea of doing so is enough to give us the shakes. I promised to buy nothing brand-new for a year, and documented the results in my book — but if a whole year is too difficult, start smaller. Challenge yourself to three months, or even just one. It takes time for your brain to break the cycle of positive emotions and feelings usually associated with buying a new fashionable outfit.

F. Just like deleting your ex's number and blocking their social networks profile, a fast-fashion breakup involves admin. So go through your inbox and unsubscribe from all shopping emails — even those from the golfing supplies outlet you bought your uncle's Christmas present from in 2012. Then, filter your social media feeds. Unfollow all the influencers whose pastel-hued grids exist to persuade you to buy things, and replace them with slow fashion supporters. 

G. Patience is a virtue and timing is everything, especially when it comes to an impulse purchase. There are brands that only make what customers want. By doing so, they minimise waste and manage their labour more effectively. Made-to-order fashion is the cure to fast fashion's need for speed. Plus, it's a good way to test your own loyalty to a trend. If you can't wait a few weeks for that new outfit, maybe it wasn't such a must-have after all. 

 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Watching predators and prey
2. Hot water, cold air
3. How locals live and entertain
4. Impressive but difficult to reach
5. For the strong and adventurous
6. Nature and activities to enjoy
7. Conquering cold waves
8. Closer to wildlife

A. At the edge of Russia, on the Pacific Ocean, there is the distinctive Kamchatka peninsula, famous for its rich natural diversity. This land is surrounded by rough ocean waters, in the interior lie fiery volcanoes and boiling, steaming geysers. Some 300 volcanoes, 29 of which are active, make up nearly 40% of the peninsula. But Kamchatka's landscapes and natural diversity are not the only things to attract the travellers from for and wide: the area is also rich in opportunities for extreme sports. Make your adventures in Kamchatka unforgettable.

B. Surfing in Bali is no big deal these days: the hot sun, the warm ocean, coconuts, bananas... We've seen it all! How about surfing in the chilly waters of the Pacific in Kamchatka? One of Kamchatka's best surf destinations is Khalaktyrsky beach. You can catch waves here almost all year long: the hardiest of surfers are ready to jump in in sub-zero temperatures. Naturally, the best time to surf is summer when surf schools and equipment rental places are open for business. You don't feel the cold in a wetsuit! 

C. The Kamchatka peninsula is washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea to the northeast and by the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. One of the best ways to explore the rugged coastline is to take a long trip by kayak. On the water, you'll find yourself face to face with wild nature: you can get acquainted with sea lions, seals, killer whales and other sea creatures, and see the most beautiful, secluded bays, islands, headlands and lakes inland. You're going to be taking numerous pictures of the seals and sea lions as they bask in the sun.

D. With vast numbers of fish, it is no wonder that Lake Kuril attracts over 200 Kamchatka brown bears who visit the lake to fish. Across the whole peninsula, there are around 20,000 bears altogether — that's one bear to every 15 human inhabitants. Over the years, the animals on Lake Kuril have adapted to life alongside humans. Therefore, you can observe the bears and their prey close up as they show no signs of aggression. An experienced guide knows exactly where to observe them to make your adventure absolutely safe.

E. Discovered as recently as 1941, the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Reserve in Kamchatka is one of the world's largest geyser fields and is the only one in Eurasia. In a cramped 8 square kilometer piece of land there are over 40 powerful spouting geysers, not to mention hot springs, mud pools, thermal sites, waterfalls, all surrounded by volcanoes. As dangerous as any of these places seem, there are special paths for travellers. You can only get to the valley by air, so take a helicopter tour and face the raw power of Mother Nature. 

F. If you feel comfortable on the runs at Alpine resorts and consider yourself experienced, Kamchatka will surprise you: imagine skiing down the slopes of an active volcano with breathtaking views over the Pacific! This is no fantasy: we suggest experienced riders try heli-skiing! Fly to the highest volcanoes' peaks by helicopter, then enjoy the buzz of skiing the untouched slopes with awesome views of the not-so-distant Pacific. Such an activity requires skiers to be in great shape physically, and to have the love of an adrenaline rush. 

G. Kamchatka is a very harsh place to live, yet people have lived here for centuries. In order to survive, they had to learn to live in harmony with nature. That led to the development of rituals that are still performed. When you visit, you can see how the indigenous people of Kamchatka have been living for generations in the village of Pimchakh that is open to visitors. Shortage of snow is never an issue, so the locals happily indulge in competitive and recreational dog sled races. You should certainly put a short dog sled trip on your bucket list. 

 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-I и заголовками 1-10. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту I. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Winter Chores List
2. Punish if Needed
3. Chores That Teach Responsibility
4. Safety Issues to Consider When Assigning Chores
5. Chores That Teach Teens to Care for Their Belongings
6. Encourage a Good Work Ethic
7. Assign Chores and Motivate Your Teen to Do Them
8. Spring and Summer Chores List
9. Chores That Help Teens Be Good Citizens
10. Fall Chores List

A. Teens are capable of doing practically any chore that adults can do. But, they need direction and guidance as they learn how to do household chores appropriately. Guidance shouldn't be about nagging, however. Show your teen how to do a specific chore and then monitor her work to ensure she can do it independently.

If your teen isn't cleaning the bathroom in a sanitary manner, or if his lawn mowing technique leaves a lot to be desired, consider it a teachable moment. Show your teen the appropriate way to do things and make your expectations clear.

Use chores as a way to teach your teen about adult life. Pay your teen an allowance for doing certain chores or link chores to specific privileges. Make it clear that hard work leads to rewards, just like hard work at a future job will lead to a paycheck.

Give your teen a list of chores. Then, leave it up to him to decide when to get it done. If he doesn't do the work by Friday (or the end of the day), don't give him any money.

B. Most teens are mature enough to do chores with little to no supervision. But, every teen is different so carefully consider your teen's skill level before creating your teen's chore list.

Household chemicals, for example, can be a hazard. Talk to your teen about the importance of not combining chemicals and discuss ventilation issues. Also, discuss what to do if your teen accidentally gets a chemical in her eyes.

Before allowing your teen to use the stove, lawnmower, weed whacker, power tools, or other appliances, go over safety issues. Supervise your teen at first before you allow him to use those items on his own and make sure he practices safety precautions.

Make sure your teen understands not to use frayed cords when plugging items in. Also, discuss safety issues with extension cords, such as not using a cord if it gets wet.

C. Teach your teen to keep his personal space clean. That may involve cleaning his bedroom and keeping his items organized when they're in common areas of the house. These chores should be things that will help your teen recognize the importance of taking care of his items. Here are some chores that all teens should do: Make bed
Put clothes away
Change sheets
Organize closet
Sweep or vacuum bedroom
Put items where they belong

D. While all chores instill responsibility, creating a chore list that includes caring for other people, pets, or plants, gives your teen a chance to be in charge. These types of chores show you trust your teen that you expect her to do a good job because there's someone or something depending on her. Consider including a few of these items on your teen's chore list:
Water plants
Feed the pet
Walk the pet or clean litter
Wash the pet or pet’s things
Babysit younger siblings
Make lunch for siblings
Brush the pets outside to reduce shedding indoors

E. Give your teen a variety of chores. You might consider having siblings swap duties from month to month or week to week just to make sure everyone has practice doing each chore. Include some of these chores that involve caring for common areas in the home because they will teach your teen to be a good citizen:
Vacuum living room, hallways, bedrooms, and stairs
Sweep kitchen and bathroom floors
Dust living room, bedrooms, and office space
Vacuum the furniture
Straighten the living room
Shampoo carpets
Organize drawers
Take care of items for recycling
Take the trash out to the street for pick up
Cook dinner (leave instructions)
Wash and dry laundry
Clean the kitchen counters
Empty the dishwasher or wash dishes

F. Warmer weather may mean more opportunities to do outdoor chores. And summer vacation is a great time to assign more chores. Here are some summer chore list ideas:
Mow the lawn
Trim the bushes
Help with landscaping projects, like spreading mulch or building a rock wall
Weed the garden
Wash the car
Vacuum the car
Clean outdoor furniture
Get outdoor items out of storage and ready for use
Gather unwanted items to donate or sell at a yard sale
Wash outdoor items, like boats, ATVs, campers, or other outdoor items

G. During the fall months, you may need certain outdoor chores done, especially yard work. Here are some fall chores you may want to assign to teens:
Rake the lawn
Blow the leaves off the driveway
Help clean the gutters
Clean out the garden
Clean outdoor items and help store them for winter

H. If you live in a cold climate, there's a good chance you'll need help with snow removal. Here are some cold-weather chores you might add to your teen's chore list: Shovel snow
Clean snow off of the car

I. Work with your teen on identifying a regular chore schedule. Give your teen daily chores, as well as bigger chores to do on the weekends or during school vacations.Use chores as a way to help your teen become more responsible, but make sure your teen doesn't take on too many chores. Find a healthy balance that will give your child plenty of time to do homework and have some fun, while also teaching valuable life skills