2.01 Задание 10. Задание на понимание основного содержания прочитанного текста

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Mixing styles
2. Internet sensation
3. Short lifetime
4. Money worries
5. Celebrity style
6. Cheaper to buy
7. Rebels no more
8. Shopping frenzy

A. Youth sub-culture isn’t what it used to be. In the 1960s, youths who were protesting against their parents or society dressed a certain way to show their anger, or to feel like they belonged to something. Nowadays, parents are more accepting of their children, and society is more accepting of different people. There is less of a need to act out, so there are fewer sub-cultures as a result.

B. There are still a few youth sub-cultures these days. One phenomenon is haul girls - teenage girls who shop till they drop, then come home with a big ‘haul’, usually several  bags of clothes. Then they make a video of what they bought, and not just any old video, either. They put great effort into it, with editing and a storyline. It’s their way of showing off what they love to do.

C. In the old days, it took quite a lot of cash to get the look you desired. If you wanted to be Goth, going out and buying black boots, black clothes and black jewellery would cost a considerable amount. It’s all become more affordable now, so you can belong to one youth sub-culture one week and another the next, more or less.

D. There are fewer differences between youth sub-cultures than there used to be. In the old days, a hippie looked like a hippie. A punk looked like a punk, and nothing else. But it seems that the youth of today sometimes combines looks. One example is seapunk, which is punk but much more colourful and with a bit of hip-hop added. At least it’s still very creative!

E. A youth sub-culture is defined by many things. It’s the need to stand out, or the need to protest, or the need to belong. These days, kids are quite worried about their future. University has become very expensive, and the job market isn’t as strong as it used to be. How can anyone focus on creating a unique style when they’re facing such deep financial concerns?

F. Sometimes a youth sub-culture can come out of nowhere. Take Molly Soda, for example. Molly Soda is a teenage girl who posted some short films on YouTube that quickly became highly popular. Her style of dress, with her blue hair and nose piercing, is now copied by thousands of girls who find it cool. They’re called Molly Soda girls, from a youth sub-culture born overnight!

G. It is true that youth sub-cultures are like trends. They are born, they gain popularity, and then soon enough, everyone’s joined in. At that point, they are finished. This timeline used to be much longer than it is today. Now, with social media, trends spread much faster, which means they die a death much faster, too. A sub-culture is lucky if it lasts a whole year these days!

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. To remember all the Americans involved in the wars
2. Columbus Day in memory of the discovery
3. What to celebrate is within the province of the states' power
4. Honoring our parents
5. The day which commemorates people who are "asleep" forever
6. A special day for honouring the former leaders of the USA
7. Honoring the fighter for the rights of black people
8. The day of birth for the nation

A. The USA is the country which observes many national holidays. But there is no official list of national holidays because the establishment of holidays is within the province of the individual states. In most states banks, post-offices and most places of business are closed on these days. The seven major American holidays in calendar order are: Martin Luther King Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veteran's Day.

B. Dr. Martin Luther King was a black clergyman who is ranked among the greatest of black Americans because of his crusade during the 1950s and 1960s to win full civil rights for his people. He spoke out and campaigned tirelessly to rid the United States of traditions and laws that forced on black Americans the status of second-class citizens. The world was shocked when Dr. King was assassinated in 1968. By vote of Congress, the third Monday of every January, beginning in 1986 is now a federal holiday in Dr. King's honour.

C. Until the mid-1970s, the birthday of George Washington, the first president of the United States (February, 22) was observed as a federal holiday. In addition, the birthday of Abraham Lincoln (February, 12) was observed as a holiday in most states. In the 1970s Congress declared that in order to honour all past presidents of the United States, a single holiday, to be called Presidents' Day, would be observed on the third Monday in February.

D. Memorial Day observed on the fourth Monday of every May is a day on which Americans honour the dead. It has become a day on which the dead of all wars and all other dead are remembered. In many communities special ceremonies are held in cemeteries or at monuments for the war dead by veterans of military services. Some hold parades and others hold memorial services or special programs in churches, schools or other public meeting places.

E. The Independence Day is regarded as the birthday of the United States as a free and independent nation. Most Americans simply call it the "Fourth of July", on which date it always falls. The holiday recalls the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. At that time the people of the 13 British colonies located along the eastern coast of what is now the United States were involved in a war over which they considered unjust the treatment by the King and parliament in Britain.

F. Besides Thanksgiving Day there are other holidays which might be considered uniquely American — although in some cases other nations observe similar holidays. Two Sundays are observed in special ways. One is the second Sunday in May, which is always Mother's Day, a day on which children honour their mothers, give them gifts or perhaps take them to a restaurant for dinner. The other is the third Sunday in June, which is Father's Day, and children honour their fathers in some special way.

G. Veteran's Day was originally called Armistice Day and was established to honour those Americans who had served in the First World War. It falls on November 11, the day on which that war ended in 1918. It honours veterans of all the wars in which the United States has been involved. Organizations of war veterans hold parades or other special ceremonies and the President or other high official places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D.C.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Hard times
2. Plants like trees
3. A great discovery
4. Unique small world
5. Hidden treasure
6. A difficult task
7. Unseen life diversity
8. Against global warming

A. Amazon, Borneo, Congo, and Daintree: everyone knows the names of many of the world's largest or most famous rainforests. And many of us know about the world's largest span of forests — the boreal forests stretching from Russia to Canada. But how many of us could name an underwater forest? Underwater forests are huge kelp and seaweed forests, stretching much further than it was previously realised. Few of them are even named. But their wonderful canopies are home to large numbers of marine species.

B. Underwater forests are mainly formed by seaweeds, which are types of algae. Like other plants on land, seaweeds grow by capturing solar energy and carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. Seaweeds have long been known to be among the fastest growing plants on the planet. The largest species of seaweeds grow tens of metres deep, forming forest canopies that sway in a never-ending dance as waves move through them. To swim through one is to see patterns of light and shadow, and to get a sense of constant movement.

C. Seaweed forests face threats from marine heatwaves and climate change. Almost all of the extra heat trapped by greenhouse gases that people have emitted so far has gone into the oceans. This means ocean forests are facing very difficult conditions. Large expanses of ocean forests have recently disappeared off western Australia, eastern Canada and California — resulting in the loss of habitat and carbon storing potential. Unfortunately, the majority of the world's underwater forests are unrecognized and unexplored.

D. Off the coastline of southern Africa lies the Great African Seaforest, while Australia boasts the Great Southern Reef around its southern reaches. There are many more vast, but unnamed, underwater forests all over the world. So far, it has been very challenging to estimate how large an area ocean forests cover. On land, scientists can easily measure forests by satellite. Underwater, it becomes much more complicated. Most satellites cannot take measurements at the depths where underwater forests are found.

E. Scientists have found that ocean forests are even more productive than many intensely farmed crops such as wheat, rice and corn. Productivity was highest in temperate regions, which are usually washed by cool, nutrient-rich water. Every year, on average, ocean forests in these regions produce 2 to 11 times more biomass per area than land crops. These findings are encouraging. Such large productivity can be used to help meet the world's future food security. Seaweed farms can supplement food production on land.

F. Seaweeds are very fast-growing plants. Their fast growth rates mean that seaweeds are hungry for carbon dioxide. As they grow, they pull large quantities of carbon from seawater and the atmosphere. Globally, ocean forests may take up as much carbon as the Amazon. This suggests that underwater forests could play a big role in decreasing the negative effects of climate change. It is not known exactly how much seaweed carbon ends up stored and kept safe naturally. This will be an area of intense research in the future.

 G. Underwater seaweeds offer habitat, food and shelter to a wide variety of marine organisms. They are all unique and different. Large species such as sea-bamboo and giant kelp have gas-filled structures that work like little balloons and help them create vast floating canopies. Other species rely on strong stems to stay upright and support their photosynthetic blades. Some other plants that grow in the sea, like golden kelp on the Great Southern Reef in Australia, cover the seafloor, creating an underwater carpet.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Don't send it yet!
2. Adding to joyful cooking
3. Stimulating the appetite
4. Manners go first 
5. Staying neutral
6. Boosting productivity
7. Being less full of yourself
8. One or many? 

A. We often forget that there is a person on the other side of the email. Just as we wouldn't walk into a friend's house for dinner and bark out a command, we shouldn't forget to say something nice at the beginning and the end of the message. Often those little niceties can go a long way. Social cues aren't dated constructs; they're valuable warm-up phrases in communication. Start by saying "Hi", comment on someone's latest achievements, and wish the other person well.

B. Enjoying a meal with friends and family is not only about the food, but it's also about creating a warm and inviting atmosphere. And hunger for the meal ahead adds to its enjoyment. Red is an exciting, energizing and warm colour. It is associated with love, roses, danger and passion. Having a shade of red in a dining room can add a sense of drama. Marketers believe that the colour red is welcoming, vibrant and warm, and makes people hungry: think of popular fast-food logos.

C. Many emails and essays are written exclusively in the first person. Shift the focus to the recipient and consider what they want, need, or would like to hear. After writing an email, scan it quickly for how many times you use the word "I". See if you can edit some of them out. So, "I'm teaching a new writer's workshop this spring, and I want help sharing the program. I think you'd be interested in it" can be turned into something like: "New writing workshop for creatives has just been launched. Let me know if this is what you were looking for".

D. Just because you've written an email now doesn't mean it needs to be sent at this exact moment. Delaying the sending is one of the most powerful and underutilized tools of emailing. Scheduling emails to be sent in 24 or 48 hours gives you space to breathe between non-urgent projects, and it also sets up a rhythm of communication so your interlocutor no longer expects you to reply instantaneously. You can either train someone to expect instantaneous answers at all times, or to• learn the rhythm that's best for you and your business.

E. One of the best ways to avoid colour trends is of course to avoid wild colours altogether. A palette of pale tones is as close to time-proof as you can get, especially if you use a lot of classic white. A pastel palette doesn't have to be boring, either. Include rich textures (like woods and plush fabrics) and subtly different neutral shades to give a space life without introducing any dramatic colours that may or may not stand the test of time. Cool and warm whites can suit whatever colour scheme you might like in future.  

F. An optimal study or office is a space with no interruptions and an atmosphere that allows calm focus. This is a place for you to concentrate, expand your ideas and complete your work, be it creative or analytical. An office is supposed to nurture your line of thought and support action. Blue is versatile — it helps you feel calm and effective. It is associated with the sky, ocean, and water. Researchers claim it that people working in blue office spaces feel calm and hopeful about their work.

G. Having more recipients in the "To" field does not mean that you'll necessarily get more answers. In the age of digital marketing, people who blast messages in broadcast form without understanding who is in the "To" line reduce their chances of a message being opened. A perfect email is the one that's sent to exactly who it needs to go to. The more specific you can get about who should be receiving the message, the better. One direct ask that results in a "Yes" is better than spamming the inboxes of 50 people who don't respond. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. A royal fortress
2. Similar but different
3. A new epoch in construction
4. Higher and stronger
5. Various activities to do
6. The choice of the material matters
7. From protection into fun
8. Going up and coming down

A. Castles and palaces may seem alike. However, there are some distinctions between them. A castle is a strong and fortified building made of stone. It has tall walls and sometimes even a surrounding water-filled ditch, called a moat. Castles were built to protect people from enemies and attacks. On the other hand, a palace is a luxurious residence designed primarily for comfort and elegance. Palaces were not built for defense like castles, so they usually didn’t have thick walls, towers, or other fortification features.

B. During the early days, castles were constructed using wood. Recognizing this weakness, lords and castle builders began using stone as the main material for constructing castles. Stone castles provided greater protection and durability against attacks. In terms of attacking these stone castles, the primary weapons used were battering rams and catapults. Battering rams were large, heavy objects used to forcefully strike castle gates, while catapults were siege engines designed to launch projectiles, such as rocks or flaming objects.

C. During the medieval period, specifically between the 11th and 13th centuries, castles were commonly constructed on elevated, man-made hills known as mottes. The primary purpose of building castles on mottes was to enhance their defensive capabilities. Mottes were typically large, artificial hills that provided strategic advantages. By elevating the castle above the surrounding area, defenders had a better point to observe and protect the surrounding lands. The height of the mottes allowed soldiers to have a broader range to defend against potential attackers.

D. In the past, castles used moats as a defense. Moats were ditches dug around the castle to guard it from enemies. They were often filled with water to make it difficult for attackers to tunnel into the castle. However, in some castles, people came up with more unique ideas. For example, at Český Krumlov Castle in the Czech Republic, the moat has been filled with bears since 1707. Nowadays, the bears have someone to take care of them, and they even have birthday parties and festivals organized for them.

E. One interesting detail about castles is their spiral stairwells. These staircases are designed to spiral in a specific direction, usually clockwise. The reason for this clever design was to put invaders at a disadvantage during a battle. Most people, including swordsmen, were right-handed and held their swords in their right hand. When invaders climbed the spiral stairs, they were not be able to use their dominant sword arm effectively, because the narrow space of the staircase restricted their movement during battles.

F. The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a significant event in British history. It marked the invasion and successful takeover of England by William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy. After the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror and his successors built numerous castles throughout England. These castles served as strategic fortifications and symbols of their power and control over the newly-conquered lands. They were used as defensive structures, residences for the nobility, and centres of administration.

G. Today Great Britain has a rich tradition of castle sites, which show the best examples of the legacy of medieval times. Windsor Castle, the home of the Kings and Queens’ families of the English Commonwealth, is both the oldest and largest continuously-inhabited castle in the world. It was built in the 11th century, after the Norman Invasion, and has been used by reigning monarchs since the reign of Henry I. The castle also houses the famous St. George’s Chapel, which is designed in Gothic style, and houses the Order of the Garter.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Head-and-heart Listening
2. Clear Responsibilities
3. Family Discussions
4. Flexibility 
5. Balanced Communication
6. Caring and Appreciation
7. Family Roots
8. Encouragement 

A. Building a successful family is like building a home. Both need a plan. A successful family based on unity and love takes careful planning, but it's worth every moment. The best way to be organized as a family is to talk about family matters. By doing this, families enjoy a special closeness and stability. Choosing to spend time with your family sends a message more powerful than words. Memories made together dur-ing this time will bond and sustain your family through the years.

B. Family traditions promote feelings of warmth and unity. Trace your family tree and collect all the photographs of your ancestors that you can find. Public libraries and bookstores have books on genealogy for you to get you started. Compile a family oral history. Ask older relatives to talk about their parents and childhood and record their comments. Then transcribe the tapes and send copies to aunts and uncles, grandparents and cousins. These stories contain a glimpse of the past that would be lost otherwise. 

C. How much time should families spend together? That varies from family to family. Families with young children usually spend most of their time together because young children need a great deal of physical care and guidance. Families with teenagers may spend less time together because teens naturally want to spend more time with their friends. Healthy families keep a good balance between "too much" and "not enough" time together. They spend enough time to satisfy all family members.

D. Strong families take time to talk to one another. They share their hopes and dreams, feelings and concerns. This involves listening beyond words to the meanings and feelings attached to them. A good listener can better understand and respond to the needs and concerns of others. It means laying aside personal views and really trying to understand the other person's point of view. Even if you don't agree with their opinion, you can make sure you understand them before responding. 

E. Members of successful families feel they really belong in their family. Family members feel accepted for what they are and promote one another's self-esteem. They celebrate their victories and help each other learn from mistakes. Sometimes life gets rough and we need all the support we can get. A cheering word from a family member can really come in handy. Put the words on sticky notes and stick them in places where they can be easily found.

F. Strong families develop predictable routines, roles, and rules that govern everyday life and provide for continuity and stability. Reasonably stable patterns empower a family to deal with the many challenges inevitable in family life; without such patterns, chaos would result. At the same time, strong families adapt relationships and family rules when needs arise. The varied circumstances of family life may necessitate individual adaptation. Since no family knows what tomorrow will bring, being adaptive is a good trait for family members to develop.

G. Recent studies affirm the importance of love in families. Research shows that expressions of affection towards children reduce problem behaviours and enhance children's development. Strong families notice and share positive aspects of each member. They notice the talents, skills and achievements, special qualities, and characteristics that make the other person unique. They find ways to be positive even when another family member makes a mistake and make a conscious effort to develop closeness and show love at home. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. CLASSES WILL CONTINUE
2. THE FINANCIAL BENEFIT FOR OTHERS OF STAYING IN THE SAME PLACE
3. OUR ATTITUDE WILL NEVER CHANGE
4. A DIFFICULT TASK
5. NO CHOICE
6. MAKING THE WHOLE DISTRICT LOOK BETTER
7. THE PLAN AND THE COST
8. FRIENDLY DISCUSSIONS 

NEW COLLEGE BUILDINGS

A. The College intends to modernise its current site in a multi-million pound investment to upgrade its buildings and create a new campus. The College has secured support and funding for the project and is now looking for a suitable developer to take the project forward. Although no formal plans have been submitted at this stage, the College aims to redevelop the existing location with new buildings in one area and sell the remaining land for development. The total amount of spending for the whole project will be about £40 million. 

B. We are aware of people's worries concerning the redevelopment of the site, but we cannot continue in the existing buildings in the long term. They have become tired and unworkable and are now proving very costly to maintain — which is money that should be spent directly on teaching and learning. The buildings do not meet our needs for the 21st century or the requirements of our students. They are, quite simply, outdated. 

C. The quality of the teaching and learning at the College will always be the most important consideration. That's why we intend to create a brand new College campus. We want our students to have the opportunity to learn in modern, up-to-date facilities. This investment is timed to make sure that our future students will also have top-class facilities.

D. During the creation of our new campus, we intend to ensure that the redevelopment takes place away from any buildings that will still be in use. It will be business as usual for the College. An assessment of all the existing buildings will be carried out to make sure that they are capable of providing a suitable learning environment until the new buildings are complete. Where necessary, money will be made available to ensure that these buildings remain fit-for-purpose until the new buildings are ready. 

E. We are determined to work closely with our local neighbours on this project. Although there will be a formal public consultation process as part of the planning procedures, we will also be inviting our immediate local residents to more informal meetings where we can give our full attention to their views and opinions. Our consultants are beginning work on putting together plans that will give us an idea of what the new campus will look like. We will consult closely with local people as the project progresses. Our intention is to create a College that benefits everyone. 

F. The College understands the contribution that it makes to the local economy, both in terms of employment and the business generated by our thousands of students and staff. We believe the decision to rebuild the campus here in the town centre, rather than moving to a location outside it, will be very good for the town centre and will help it to continue to be economically successful. 

G. We are very aware of the fact that the College stands at the heart of the historic part of the town, with its many attractive old buildings. We view this as an opportunity to improve this area in general. With the exception of the historic Great Hall, all the existing buildings, which are in a mixture of styles and are not attractive, will be pulled down. A new state-of-the-art campus will be constructed that will greatly improve the appearance of this part of the town.  

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1.Supercomputer
2.Human intelligence test
3. Man against computer
4. Robotic industry 
5. Intelligent machines in our life
6. Computer intelligence test
7. Computers change human brains
8. Electronic film stars 

A. Artificial intelligence is the art of making machines that are able to 'think'. We often don't notice it, but artificial intelligence is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that direct our e-mail. Some scientists believe that the most powerful computers could have the power of the human brain. Machines have always been excellent at tasks like calculation. But now they are better than humans in many spheres, from chess to mixing music. 

B. The world's most powerful computer is ASCI Purple, made by IBM in 2004. It can carry out 100 trillion operations per second and has the size of two basketball courts. A computer with double power is expected in the next two years. A spokesman for IBM said that ASCI Purple is near the power of the human brain. But some scientists believe our brains can carry out almost 10,000 trillion operations per second.

C. The possible dangers of intelligent machines became the stories of many science fiction films. In The Terminator (1984), a computer network uses nuclear weapons against the human race in order to rule the world. This network then makes intelligent robots called 'Terminators' which it programs to kill all the humans. In The Matrix (1999) and The Matrix Reloaded (2003), a machine dominates humanity, using people as batteries to power itself. 

D. In 1997, then the world chess champion Garry Kasparov played against IBM's Deep Blue supercomputer - and lost. After six games, the world-famous Kasparov lost 2.5 to 3.5 to the computer. In February 2003, Kasparov restored human reputation by finishing equal against the Israeli-built supercomputer Deep Junior. Kasparov ended the game with the score 2-2 against US company X3D Technologies' supercomputer X3D Fritz in November 2003, proving that the human brain can keep up with the latest developments in computing (at least in chess). 

E. There are a number of different methods which try to measure intelligence, the most famous of which is perhaps the IQ, or 'Intelligence Quotient' test. This test was first used in early 20th century Paris. The modern day 10 test measures a variety of different types of ability such as memory for words and figures and others. Whether IQ tests actually test general intelligence is disputable. Some argue that they just show how good the individual is at IQ tests! 

F. Analysis shows that human intelligence is changing. We are gaining abilities in some areas of intelligence, while losing them in others, such as memory. So this generation may not remember the great number of poems, their abilities are greater in other areas. It has been discovered that wide use of video games improves reaction time. But we could only dream of computing without calculators as fast as our grandparents did.

G. In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing invented a test to check machine intelligence. In the Turing Test, two people (A and B) sit in a closed room, a third person (C), who asks questions, sits outside. Person A tries to answer the questions so that person C doesn't guess who they are: men or women, while person B tries to help him (C) in their identification. Turing suggested a machine take the place of person A. If the machine fooled the human, it was likely to be intelligent. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Behind the Wheel
2. Pessimistic Predictions
3. Intelligent House
4. New Possibilities for Business 
5. Permanent People
6. Greenhouse Effect
7. Easy Shopping
8. Future Entertainment 

A. The smart fridge will be connected to the Internet as part of a home network that runs your domestic life, interacting with the barcodes on your food, and reordering them online as you use them. Virtually all domestic appliances will be linked by computer, so that the fridge can communicate with the cooker and rubbish bin, coordinating complex tasks such as cooking a meal.

B. Children of the future will never be able to complain that there's no one to play with. Equipped with virtual reality headsets, they will be taking part in global games, for example, in medieval jousting tournaments. Their opponents, selected by the computer, will probably live on the other side of the world. 

C. Cars of the future will take much of the strain out of driving. The intelligent navigation system will be able to choose the best route for you by monitoring an online traffic database for hold-ups, while the cruise control keeps a constant distance from the car in front. And if you exceed the speed limit, the speedometer will give a polite warning to you.

D. Holographic conferencing and virtual reality meetings will allow people to interact with colleagues and clients via computer, without needing to leave the comfort of their own homes. This will also mean that a lot more people will either work freelance from home, or on flexible short-term contracts. The old concept 'jobs for life' will be a thing of the past.

E. In the future it will become harder to tell the difference between the human and the machine. All body parts will be replaceable. A computer will function like the human brain with the ability to recognize feelings and respond in a feeling way. We will then be able to create a machine duplicate of ourselves and transfer our spirit so we will be able to live for as long as we want.

F. There will be great changes to the environment particularly because of the rising sea levels. Global warming is expected to cause oceans to rise by one meter, which will increase the risk of flooding. It will happen regardless of any future actions to curb greenhouse gases. Projected climate change will also tend to degrade water quality through higher water temperatures.

G. We will not rely so much on cash as we do now. It will mainly be digital money, the inevitable medium of exchange for an increasingly wired world. We will no longer need to carry a wad of bills or fumble for exact change. Supermarkets will have iris recognition systems so the money for our groceries will automatically be transferred from our bank accounts as we're standing at the checkout.  

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски А-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Запишите ответ в виде последовательности цифр, где первая цифра - часть предложения для пропуска A, а последняя цифра - часть предложения для пропуска F.

Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope. 

According to the plan of Peter the Great. on the one hand. Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________. the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

1. and from the sea has been firmly ensured
2. which is a former royal countryside residence
3. who designs many royal residences in Europe
4. and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century
5. who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls
6. that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland
7. and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia's struggle

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Where birds live
2. Causes of bird migration
3. Where birds migrate
4. A way of spending free time
5. Causes of bird extinction
6. Behaviour and feeding habits
7. Importance to people
8. Types of migrating birds

A. Birds are distinguished from all other animals by their feathers. Some types of birds live alone most of the time. Other types are more social. They may sleep, fly, and nest in groups called flocks. Birds use different sounds to communicate with one another. For example, some baby chicks stop moving when their mother produces a danger call. They may also sing to announce that a certain patch of land belongs to them. Many types eat insects. Some water birds catch fish. Many other types eat plant material.

B. Birds are found almost everywhere on Earth. There are more than 10,000 types of birds. All birds have similar features. The loss of a complete bird species may be inevitable because they are too sensitive to rapid changes. Birds living on small islands, or in desert or mountainous regions, can be vulnerable to slight changes in climate, while even minor disruptions of forest habitats can affect the breeding habits and survival of others. In some regions, it is the hunting of birds, for sport or to trade their pelts, that is the greatest threat.

C. Birds have spread throughout all parts of Earth because of their ability to fly. They live in a great variety of habitats, including fields, forests, grasslands, deserts, marshes, islands, and the open ocean. The size of an area and the diversity of the habitats help determine the number of species found in a given area. Many birds migrate, or fly long distances between their winter and summer homes. For example, many European birds travel to Africa for the winter. This helps them find enough food year-round.

D. Every bird when it is seen for the first time brings a thrill of discovery. The spring migration is a fresh wonder every year. The surprise and delight of coming across a rarity and the difficulty of keeping it in view long enough to be sure of what it is help to make bird-watching an endless fascination. Bird-watching is a hobby that can be enjoyed for a lifetime. In bird clubs the membership ranges in age from young children to grandparents. Bird-watching can combine healthy outdoor activity with the pursuit of beauty and knowledge. 

E. Some birds never move far from where they were born whereas others migrate and can travel huge distances in the process. Birds migrate from one summer season to the other. Although they take a lot of risk when they migrate, for many of them it significantly improves their chances of survival and allows them to raise more offspring in another region. Birds migrate to move from areas of low or decreasing resources to areas of high or increasing resources.

F. Birds and their eggs have been sources of food for humans since their origin and still are in most societies. With the rise of agriculture, birds became important to farmers. In their constant search for food, wild birds eat huge numbers of insects, weed seeds, and rodents. Insects, weeds, and rodents cut down the amount of food the farmer can harvest from field, garden, and orchard. Many people keep birds as pets. Small finches and parrots are especially popular. Zoological parks are a source of recreation for millions of people each year.

G. Migration is often annual. It is closely linked with the cyclic pattern of the seasons. It is most evident among birds, which have a highly efficient means of traveling swiftly over long distances. The migration of most birds is a yearly cycle. Not all birds migrate. Permanent residents do not migrate. They are able to find adequate supplies of food year-round. Short-distance migrants move only a short distance. Medium-distance migrants cover distances that span from one to several states. There are also long-distance migrants.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Too much waste 
2. Back to the old methods 
3. Fashion as a job and a hobby 
4. The faster, the worse 
5. A past symbol of status
6. High quality indicator
7. Benefits for new designers
8. A way to become closer

A. The fashion industry has changed a lot in the past year. During the pandemic, everything went online. This has meant that anyone can do whatever they want. Young designers can be living at their mum's house in Coventry, and the buyers still get to see the collections. People are creating their own systems, and it works. Online retailers pick up young designers who are doing small runs of 50 shirts from their bedroom. Designers are taking back ownership. The new system can be less about growth. None of us young designers wants to be massive and corporate.

B. Nothing has really changed in the fashion industry in the past year. In fact, it is becoming even harder to get the industry to invest in positive change, despite a lot of action on social media. Brands are choosing inaction instead of imperfect action. During the pandemic, most brands, big and small, have been hit economically. So they are all trying to sell as much as possible again. It's back to the old, inefficient model. Right now their activities outside of sales and profit are smaller and smaller. The action we see is far away from where it should be.

C. So many of us have bought a cheap dress or shirt, only for it to be worn once (if at all) and consigned to the back of the closet. Perhaps you've even bought a pair of shoes, just to realize you already had a very similar pair at home. Even worse, sometimes the article falls apart after one wash, and it ends up in the trash. These shared experiences with so-called "fast fashion" often come with guilt - not just for the money spent, but also because it encourages the unethical treatment of workers, and adds to the waste unwanted clothes create on our planet.

D. Most families have Christmas traditions. It could be glass of fresh orange juice in the morning, a post-lunch game of Scrabble, or even that yearly heated political debate. But a new custom has entered the festive atmosphere: family pyjamas. Everyone - from grandparents to grandchildren and even pets - is putting on the same style of nightwear. The goal is not just to create the best family photo for social media. As a family, we are one unit, but it does not always feel this way. Wearing matching pyjamas is like putting on a family uniform. It connects everyone.

E. Pockets are an obvious marker of something that's well-made. For the manufacturers, it's cheaper not to bother with them. But for consumers, it's much nicer to have a skirt or dress with pockets. Sadly, modern pockets are often entirely absent, too shallow to use, or aren't made with suitable materials. Good pockets used to require several steps of sewing. This ensured they wouldn't split or fracture under the weight of whatever you put in them, particularly at the opening. Their placement used to be carefully chosen, too.

F. Every year each Australian throws away more than nine kilos of clothes. But only 7,000 tonnes of textiles are recycled in Australia every year - just 3% of what goes to landfill. And Australia is not alone in this global trend. This is because clothes are very difficult to recycle back into textiles. Usually, they are blends of several different materials and come in a wide range of colours. This makes their separation complicated. Because clothes do not have their own waste collection system like plastic, glass or paper, it is also difficult to get the volume required for scale.

G. Pocket handkerchiefs are not always square. At least they have been square only since Louis XVI decreed that all handkerchiefs should be of a length equal to their breadth. There is a portrait in the Louvre, from the time of Henry IV, in which a Parisienne is holding a hexagonal pocket-handkerchief. The handkerchief has not always been a democratic thing for everyone. Lately it has even had political significance. Originally, it was the mark of the Oriental prince. The Romans carried several handkerchiefs, for each of which they had a different name.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Lasting for ages
2. Benefits of honey
3. Strict rules of dieting
4. Cooking with honey
5. Local varieties
6. Composition of honey
7. Not always healthy
8. Choosing honey

A. Honey is a sweet and sticky substance produced by bees using flower nectar. Wild or organic honey is the best for health, rather than the pasteurized commercial honey typically available in supermarkets. It is advised to buy honey that is produced locally. In order to get the most nutrition possible, the darkest honey should be consumed. Darker honey is higher in antioxidants than lighter coloured honey.

B. Although many people dismiss honey as unhealthy because it is high in fructose, it is actually a healthy, natural food that is good for one’s health. Honey is a powerful antimicrobial agent. It has been known to kill even antibiotic resistant bacteria. Studies also show that consuming honey helps to increase blood antioxidant levels,which protect against disease. It is a healthy substitute for white sugar in homemade treats.

C. Honey is not considered a vegan food product. Because vegan products are defined as “not coming from an animal”, and honey is produced by honeybees, it is not consumed by people who follow veganism. The exploitation of bees for their honey is further noted by the process of collecting honey, which often kills several of the bees within a colony during the smoking process to extract honey from honeycombs.

D. Honey is a good nutritional choice for many people, but not for all. For individuals who suffer from diabetes or have trouble losing weight, it is wise to avoid honey. The effects of its high sugar content and high calorie count are likely to overshadow its health benefits in these circumstances.Honey can contain spores of botulism, dangerous bacteria especially for young children with not fully developed immune systems.

E. Honey has been known to carry a vast variety of flavours and aromas depending on the kinds of bees and the kind of floral nectar they are collecting. Another variable in honey production is location, as this is a key contributor to the sorts of plants that can grow. For example, avocado honey is made from avocado blossoms, and blueberry honey is made from the white flowers found on blueberry bushes.

F. Honey does not expire thanks to a mix of many factors. Because honey is primarily a sugar, it does not contain much water, which makes it difficult for bacteria and microbes to live. Unspoiled, edible honey has even been found in Egyptian tombs, sealed away for thousands of years. The thickness of honey also helps it not to expire for long. As long as the honey is sealed properly to avoid moisture, it stays fresh forever.

G. The components of honey include levulose, dextrose, invertase, amylase, some of the B vitamins, vitamin C, flavonoids and various organic compounds. Honey contains 24 known sugars, and it consists of 80% carbohydrates. High concentrations of fructose, glucose and other sugars give honey most of its physical properties including high density, thickness, stickiness and resistance to spoilage.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Living above
2. Glimpses of history
3. No meat, please!
4. Figuratively speaking
5. Belonging to one group 
6. Highly social
7. Similar to people 
8. Almost extinct

A. Great apes are members of the family Hominidae, which includes humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans. There is one species of humans (Homo sapiens), two species of chimpanzees (common chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee, also known as the bonobo), two species of gorillas (western gorilla and eastern gorilla), and three species of orangutans (Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and Tapanuli orangutan). However, throughout the last few million years, there have been dozens of other great apes, some of which were arguably as intelligent as modern humans.

B. Great apes are large, tailless primates, distinguished from lesser apes (gibbons) by a larger size and generally less monkey-like anatomical features. Still, within this group there is considerable variation. These apes evolved from African lesser apes about 18 million years ago. Orangutans originated from the rest of the apes about 14 million years ago, and gorillas separated from them about 7 million years ago. Until recently, it was thought that chimps and humans separated between 3 and 5 million years ago, but more fossil finds suggest it happened earlier, between 6 and 7 million years ago.

C. Great apes are all extremely intelligent. Each one is probably smarter than every other member of the animal kingdom. All the great apes can use tools. Their hands allow them to use rocks or sticks for various purposes, including as weapons. Gorillas have been observed testing water depth with sticks. Chimpanzees are known to drive insects out of their nests using sticks. The orangutan is intelligent enough to build leak-proof roofs over their nightly nests. Isn’t that amazing? They are just like us!

D. Great apes play a very important role in their ecosystems. Their presence also supports biodiversity by influencing the distribution and behaviour of other species within their habitat. Unfortunately, most great ape species are considered endangered or even critically endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and disease. According to the World Wildlife Fund, gorillas and orangutans are particularly at risk, with habitat destruction from logging, mining, and agriculture being the primary threats to their survival.

E. The orangutan, the largest creature in the world living in the trees, has probably never lived anywhere else but in the trees. Wildly mobile shoulder, knee and hip joints create a climbing machine that spends approximately 90% of its life high above ground. They eat, sleep, breed and give birth sometimes hundreds of feet above the ground. The thick forests of Borneo and Sumatra provide the perfect environment for this ape. Orangutans look graceless on the ground, but even the largest male orangutans move elegantly in the trees.

F. Gorillas eat different food, but their diet is mainly vegetarian. In the jungle, more than 85% of a gorilla’s diet is made up of leaves, shoots, stems and vines – and the rest is made up of roots, flowers and fruits. Insects, ants and termites make up less than 1% of a gorilla’s diet in the wild. The specific food of gorillas varies, depending on the presence (or absence) of certain plants in their immediate surrounding. Thus, gorillas are also almost exclusively vegetarian and devote their days to gathering fruit, leaves, roots and flowers.

G. Great apes are no exception when it comes to social interaction. They have complex social relationships that include communication through vocalizations, and body language such as grooming and hugging. Their societies are hierarchical, meaning there are dominant members who have priority access to food and other resources, while subordinate members must work harder to attain them. A new study has revealed that great apes tease one another, including hair pulling, poking, staring in faces, and other playful behaviours.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Meeting the locals
2. On bike from train
3. Weather considerations
4. Joys of biking
5. Preparations
6. Severe adventures
7. Follow the rules
8. Beware of thieves

A. If you want to see Europe on $30 a day you might prefer to stay at hostels and shop at farmers’ markets, but you definitely will not be able to do it without the help of a bike as it is one of the most economical ways to see Europe. But most bikers choose to pedal for the sheer joy of it. Just imagine riding up a beautiful mountain road, going to the very top, hearing birds singing in the treetops, and enjoying a well-earned and glorious downhill run.

B. The most important thing to do before you go for a long ride is to learn which tools to bring for basic repair work, such as patching a flat. If possible, first take a weekend camping trip with everything you’ll need with you. If you don’t already know how to fix your bike, you can ask about classes at your local bike shop. Although you can buy a good touring bike in Europe, you’re better off bringing a bike that you’re sure is the right fit for you as well as your own racks and panniers.

C. Expect rain and bring good bikers’ rain equipment. You’ll also be exposed to the sun, so plan on using plenty of sunscreen. Even if you never ride at night, you should bring a back light for long and unavoidable tunnels. Always wear a helmet as well as biking gloves to guard against unsightly road rash. Beware of the silent biker who might be right behind you, and use hand signals before stopping or turning. Stay off the freeways; smaller roads are nicer for biking, anyway.

D. Use a bike lock to secure your bike and never leave your pump, bag or laptop on your bike if you’re going to step away, even for a moment. Keep your bike inside whenever possible. At hostels, ask if there is a locked bike room, and, if not, ask for a place to put your bike inside overnight. Remember that hotels and many pensions don’t really have rules against taking a bike up to your room. Just do it quietly so the owners and other guests aren’t disturbed.

E. The most rewarding aspect of bicycling in Europe is having the chance to get to know and communicate with new people. Europeans love bicycles, and they are often genuinely impressed when they see a tourist who rejects the view from a tour-bus window in favor of riding through their country on two wheels. Your bike provides an instant topic for conversation, the perfect bridge over cultural and language barriers.

F. A bell is generally required by law in Europe, so you should have one on your bike for giving a multilingual “Hi!” to other bikers as well as for saying “Look out, here I come!” Some countries, such as the Netherlands, have directions and signs just for bikers. For example, a bike in a blue circle indicates a bike route and this sign will get you through even some of the most complicated highway interchanges. A bike in a red circle indicates that bikes are not allowed.

G. Not all tourists use their bikes for long-distance European trips. For example, you can take the train from Paris to Amsterdam, and then use your bike for a few days to get around the city and out to the tulip fields and windmills. In many countries, especially France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands, train stations offer bikes with very easy rental plans making it possible to pick them up in one place and drop them off somewhere else.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Always in a hurry

2. The city of skyscrapers

3. Winning and losing

4. Unknown side of the city

5. Saving the variety

6. Getting around the city

7. For the holiday and more

8. Nickname for a building

A. New York is really the melting pot of the world. Over 30 percent of its residents have come from abroad. It is believed that the city has the greatest linguistic diversity on the planet. There are over 800 different languages divided among its people. As some of these languages are nearly extinct, the City University of New York has begun a project called the Endangered Language Alliance. Its aim is to preserve rare languages like Bukhari, Vhlaski, and Ormuri.

B. New Yorkers love to think they know everything about their city: where to find the best fruit, how to avoid paying full price at museums, what route to take to avoid traffic. But New York City can reveal new treasures even to its veterans. Beyond the city where NewYorkers work, eat, play and commute every day lies a hidden New York: mysterious, forgotten, abandoned or just overlooked. There are places about which you’re not likely to read in any guidebook.

C. The Chrysler Building was in a race with the Bank of Manhattan for getting the title of the tallest skyscraper in the world. The Bank was likely to triumph, with its height of 282 meters. But the spire of the Chrysler Building was constructed in secret inside the tower. Just one week after the Bank of Manhattan was finished, it was put in place, making it 318 meters tall and beating the Bank. It wouldn’t keep this title for long: one year later the Empire State Building was erected.

D. The Flatiron Building was constructed between 1901 and 1903 at the intersection of Broadway and Fifth Avenue. It was designed by Chicago’s Daniel Burnham as a steel-frame skyscraper covered with white terra-cotta. Built as the headquarters of the Fuller Construction company, the skyscraper was meant to be named Fuller Building. But locals soon started calling it “Flatiron” because of its unusual shape. The name stuck and soon became official.

E. How does Rockefeller Center manage to find the perfect fur-tree each Christmas season? They do aerial searches by helicopter, of course, and bring it to the city during the night when there isn’t much traffic on the streets. After the tree is taken down for the year, it continues to be useful. For example, in 2005 Habitat for Humanity used the wood to make doorframes for houses for the poor and in 2012 the paper was used to publish a book.

F. In New York life never stands still. People have to call cabs, ride subway cars, do business of all kinds, eat pizzas and sandwiches for lunch. When you multiply that by more than eight million people in less than 500 square miles, you get the idea: everyone goes everywhere as fast as it is humanly possible. Whatever you do, don't stop in the middle of the sidewalk or you’ll make everyone around you incredibly angry.

G. New York is extremely easy to navigate. Manhattan is divided into numbered streets from north to south and avenues from east to west. It’s almost impossible to get lost there. Buses are useful to travel around Manhattan, and the subway is the best means of transport to the other parts of the city. At some stage you’ll definitely use a yellow taxi. Try to get one on an avenue that’s going in the same direction you are – you’ll save time and money. And don’t forget to leave a tip for the driver.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Show it matters to you

2. Institutions take action

3. Share the cost

4. An effect of what you put on your plate

5. Eco-friendly travel

6. Give them a new life

7. Part of daily routine

8. Proper food management

A. What you eat matters: nearly a quarter of all greenhouse gases come from agriculture, and most of those are from meat and dairy. Cutting out meat is an easy way to reduce your carbon footprint, and you’ll save money too. A meat-free diet has been recommended as the “single-biggest way” an individual can reduce their impact on the planet. Meat and dairy consumption result in excessive land use, industrial emissions, water use and deforestation. However, make sure you get all the necessary nutrients with other food.

B. Whatever you choose to eat, try to shop locally and seasonally. You will most likely avoid the plastic packaging you find in supermarkets, and these products will have a lower carbon footprint. If you have the space – even just a windowsill will do – try growing some of your own herbs or vegetables; it’s amazing what you can get from just a window box planter. You can also reduce food waste by planning meals in advance, eating leftovers and sharing meals with friends. Reusing food waste as compost is also an eco-friendly action.

C. This year scientists devised a planetary health diet, presenting a way to address the environmental impact of our food choices. It recommends that the global average consumption of red meat should be cut by half, while vegetables, fruit, pulses and nuts should double. The growing global call for organisations to take seriously their responsibilities for halting climate change is impossible to ignore. Universities are now reacting to this: Goldsmiths has scrapped the sale of all beef products from its campus as it seeks to become carbon neutral by 2025.

D. Forget fast fashion: keeping your clothes for as long as possible has much more than just monetary value. In the UK, clothing has the fourth-largest environmental impact after housing, transport and food. We throw away more than half of our fast-fashion items within less than a year. So recycle your clothes or mend them. If you don’t have those skills, see if there’s a sewing society you could join, or head to a repair shop. Try clothes swaps with friends, and instead of buying new items, head to a charity or second-hand shop.

E. When you start living alone, you do your own decorating, washing, cooking and cleaning. There are simple ways you can change your habits to live more sustainably. Wash your clothes at a lower temperature, and opt for a bamboo toothbrush or more eco-friendly sanitary products. When shopping, see if there’s a zero-waste shop nearby – Sheffield students’ union has opened a store selling dried food, household products, toiletries and kitchenware all free from plastic packaging. Just turn up with your own container.

F. Of course, the easiest way to make a difference is to cut out flying. A return trip from Manchester to Berlin produces about 214 kg of CO2; there are countries where the average person produces less carbon dioxide in a year. If you are planning a weekend away with new friends, try and travel by train or bus instead, and it’s even funnier when you have a company! Cut out just one five-hour flight and your carbon footprint will be a ton lighter. Opt for a hiking trip to a nearby lake or valley. You will get more exercise and fresh air, too!

G. Individual actions matter, as they demonstrate commitment and provide an alternative way to live. But campaigning and activism are important too. University campuses can be the perfect place for this: 91% of students are now concerned about climate change, according to a survey from the NUS. If you don’t know where or how to start, see if there are any societies at your university. Students of the fossil free campaign, for example, have brought on huge changes by calling on their institutions to use less fossil fuel.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Full of life

2. Safari lovers

3. A protected region

4. Glimpses of history

5. The tourist season

6. Beneficial tourism

7. A comfortable climate

8. Scenery to remember

A. The Serengeti is a vast ecosystem in central Africa. It spans 30,000 square kilometres. And in the local language, it means “endless plains.” This region of Africa is situated in north Tanzania and extends to southwestern Kenya. The Serengeti includes Serengeti National Park and a number of game reserves and conservation areas. They are all maintained by the governments of Tanzania and Kenya. The region hosts the largest mammal migration in the world. It is a popular destination for African safaris.

B. The Serengeti has various flora and fauna. A diverse group of animals call the Serengeti home, including Africa’s “big five” group. It consists of the African elephant, the Cape buffalo, the African leopard, the African lion, and the African black rhino. Cheetahs, giraffes, crocodiles, hippos, more than 500 bird species, and many more animals can also be found across the area. Blue wildebeests, gazelles, and zebras inhabit the region too, along with lions and hyenas. They are familiar to fans of the Disney film, The Lion King.

C. The most popular time to visit the region is between July and October. The peak of the blue wildebeest migration, usually in October, is an especially popular time in the park – when visitors come to see more than 2 million animals travel up to 800 km from Serengeti National Park to the Maasai Mara National Reserve. This is a huge attraction for tourists. And while many think it is an intense and short-lived phenomenon, it is actually a fairly slow trek. Visitors want to peer into the secret lives of the animals that call this region home.

D. The Serengeti landscape is divided into two regions defined by their dominant vegetation – woodland and grassland. Woodlands are grassy areas dotted with trees, mainly acacia. Grasslands include riverine, plains and derived grasslands. The large area of the Serengeti is interrupted by the only active volcano there that still ejects lava, which turns white when exposed to air. The landscape is dotted with a number of kopjes. They are large rocky formations that are the result of volcanic activity. The Simba Kopje is a popular tourist stop.

E. The great migration occurs during the main dry season, which lasts from June through October. The two wet seasons, a short one and a long one, occur from November to December, and from March to May, respectively. Temperatures in the region remain fairly constant throughout the year, with the wet seasons being the warmest. Although a popular image dictates that Africa is mostly a very hot place, it is actually pleasant in the Serengeti. It seldom gets uncomfortably hot, and temperatures drop during the night and early mornings.

F. The Maasai people had been grazing their cattle in the open plains for around 200 years when the first European explorers visited the area at the end of the 19th century. Because the hunting of lions made them so scarce, people decided to make a game reserve in the area in the 1920s. These actions became the basis for Serengeti National Park, which was established in 1951. As part of the creation of the park, and in order to preserve its wildlife, the Maasai were relocated to the Kenya highlands – a move that is still controversial.

G. By choosing to visit the Serengeti, tourists are supporting the country’s huge investment in the future. Tourism provides valuable income used to support the conservation work of the national parks in Tanzania. It is also used to help wildlife research and for education in local communities. The animal diversity of the Serengeti is very high. There are at least four globally-threatened or endangered animal species. Thus, it is not surprising that Serengeti National Park is listed as a World Heritage Site.

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1. Preparing for danger

2. Technology and medicine

3. Interesting sightseeing

4. Unusual and extremely difficult

5. Nice to look at and good for you

6. Central structure

7. Indoors and outdoors

8. Cold variety

A. All Souls College is one of the most mysterious institutions at Oxford University. It was founded in the 1400s and stopped accepting undergraduates in the 19th century. Instead, the college accepts applications only from those who have already achieved the best undergraduate degrees in the country, and asks its applicants to take an entrance exam, which is thought to be the hardest in the world. For example, before 2010 one of the tasks was to write an essay on a single word. Previous words have included “water”, “style”, “innocence”, and “conversion”.

B. In the 1900s, scientists began using electronic devices to treat living things. They developed special instruments to help people with disabilities. Some devices, such as hearing aids and kidney dialysis machines, operate outside the body. Doctors place other electrical devices inside the body. For example, pacemakers help keep hearts beating steadily. In addition, scientists learned how to cut and rejoin genes which is called genetic engineering. This may help cure human diseases.

C. Water from hot springs very often contains minerals dissolved from the rocks. Such springs are called mineral springs. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water. The minerals and organisms that grow in the water give beautiful colors to the pools and wet rocks around hot springs. Since ancient times people have thought that such springs were good for their health. They have traveled there to drink and bathe in the waters. Many spas and resorts grew up around these picturesque springs.

D. As it is well known, snow consists of tiny crystals of ice. Snowfall is made up of both single ice crystals and clumps of ice crystals, which are called snowflakes. The way that ice crystals join together gives every snowflake a unique design. Even so, most snowflakes have six points or six sides. They form seven basic shapes: stars, needles, dendrites (having branches), plates, columns, columns capped with plates, and irregular (damaged). What shape a snowflake takes depends on the temperature and the amount of moisture in the cloud. 

E. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions, may cause deadly ocean waves called tsunamis. By the time a tsunami reaches shore, it has gained tremendous size and power which is enough to destroy entire coastal villages or towns. Tsunamis cannot be stopped, but there are ways to defend against them. Scientists around the world watch for early signs of earthquakes. They also note unusual changes in ocean levels. With this information, scientists can warn people to leave areas that a tsunami might hit.

F. In order to study things under controlled conditions, some ecologists work in laboratories. For example, they can experiment to see how plants react to different amounts of light or water. Such studies are harder in a natural setting because weather and other natural conditions cannot be controlled. However, many ecologists do work in natural settings. They look at all the different factors that affectecosystems, or communities of living things. Studies in the outdoors are useful because they show what is actually happening in the environment.

G. Several cities in Russia were built around fortresses called kremlins. A kremlin was often located along a river. A wall, a moat, and towers usually separated it from the surrounding parts of the city. Kremlins contained cathedrals and palaces for princes and bishops as well as government offices and weapons of war. The most famous kremlin is in central Moscow, which is often called just the Kremlin. It has long been a symbol of Russia’s power. UNESCO declared the Kremlin and Red Square a World Heritage site in 1990.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. How did they do it?

2. Comfortable living

3. Designing a building

4. The longest on Earth

5. Building materials

6. Invented by accident

7. Safe travel

8. Why seasons change

A. Most of Africa’s rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they use hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair.

B. An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example, some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others – to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials.

C. Did you know that an eleven-year-old child first created the Popsicle? The boy’s name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle.

D. As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter.

E. In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air.

F. Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-fourhour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This “day”, or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark, and Antarctica has its “night”, or winter.

G. Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the “Titanic”, a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship’s side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the “Titanic”, several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes.